Title: Examine the science of addiction.
Course: Introduction to Health and Medical Sciences (14001-1) > Section: Examining Key Factors of Drug Addiction

Examination should include

- defining addiction
- describing biological aspects of addiction
  - brain structure and function
    - the reward system (ventral tegmental area [VTA], nucleus accumbens [NAc], prefrontal cortex [PFC])
    - key neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], glutamate)
  - genetic aspects
    - heritability of addiction
    - genetic predispositions and variations affecting susceptibility
  - neuroadaptation
    - changes in brain chemistry due to repeated substance use
    - tolerance and dependence mechanisms
- describing psychological aspects of addiction
  - behavioral theories
    - operant conditioning and reinforcement
    - classical conditioning and cues associated with substance use
  - mental health disorders
    - co-occurring disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety)
    - impact of trauma and stress on addiction risk
  - cognitive factors
    - beliefs and attitudes toward substance use
    - decision-making processes and impulsiveness
- describing environmental influences
  - social and cultural factors
    - peer pressure and social norms
    - family dynamics and upbringing
    - access to substances
    - community resources and support systems
    - protective factors that reduce vulnerability
- describing the cycle of addiction
  - initiation
    - first exposure to substances or addictive behaviors
    - factors influencing initial use
  - maintenance
    - continued use and reinforcement of behavior
    - development of habits and routines
  - relapse
    - triggers and cues leading to relapse
    - the role of stress and environmental factors in relapse.

Teacher Resource: High School Resources, Opioid and Prescription Drugs, Operation Prevention, Discovery Education and DEA, DOJ

Process/Skill Questions:

- How will understanding the physiological absorption of opioids in the body help with medical assessments?
- What are genetic explanations for family members being more prone to addiction?